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Depressant

Alcohol

Also called Booze, Liquor, Moonshine, Sauce, Juice, Bevvy, Alcohol (drug)

Original Wikipedia articleen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug) revision used (24 October 2026)

Why a "revision used" link? Anyone can edit Wikipedia at any time, so the article you open today may not say what it said when we read it. This link opens the exact version we read on 24 October 2026, frozen as it was. It is the only way to check that every quote on this page matches its source word for word. Newer versions may correct or change things. When we re-check this page against a newer version, the edit log records it. How we cite

Common dose · Oral20–30 g (2–3 standard drinks (WHO AUDIT)) PW
Onset2–5 minutes PW
Total1.5–5 hours PW
After-effects6–48 hours PW

Dosage

When sources disagree, both rows are shown as published. Nothing is averaged or merged.

Oral

SourceThresholdLightCommonStrongHeavy
PsychonautWiki10 g (1 standard drink (WHO AUDIT)) PW10–20 g (1–2 standard drinks (WHO AUDIT)) PW20–30 g (2–3 standard drinks (WHO AUDIT)) PW30–40 g (3–4 standard drinks (WHO AUDIT)) PW40+ g (4+ standard drinks (WHO AUDIT)) PW
TripSit–1–2units TS2–4units TS–5–6units TS

NOTE: Alcohol consumption should be spread out over a few hours and ideally separated by water breaks. Check the label on alcohol for unit content TS

TripSit dose text

TripSit's factsheet also states its doses as text.

Oral Light: 1-2units Common: 2-4units Heavy: 5-6units | NOTE: Alcohol consumption should be spread out over a few hours and ideally separated by water breaks. Check the label on alcohol for unit content TS

What dose are you on? (self-reported, unverified)
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Duration

Route · sourceOnsetCome-upPeakOffsetTotalAfter-effects
Oral · PsychonautWiki2–5 minutes PW15–45 minutes PW30–90 minutes PW45–120 minutes PW1.5–5 hours PW6–48 hours PW

TripSit factsheet

Onset
15-30 minutes TS
Duration
1.5-3 hours TS
Aftereffects
6-48 hours TS

Mixing

Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.

Backed by medical journals

  • Unsafe ALDH2 inhibitors - A number of drugs are "disulfiram-like": they inhibit ALDH2, which breaks down the acetaldehyde, a toxic intermediate in the breakdown of alcohol. The result is a highly unpleasant and physically dangerous reaction on the consumption of alcohol, with symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. Disulfiram, a drug of this class, has intentionally been used as an aversive aid for discontinuing alcohol. Other drugs with a similar activity are:[27–30] PW
    • Disulfiram-like antibiotics: The list of antibiotics with a disulfiram-like action has been historically overinflated. Antibiotics with evidence of having this activity include cefamandole, cefmetazole, cefoperazone, cefotetan, and ceftriaxone. The unifying property is the inclusion of either a MTT or MTDT sidechain. Latamoxef (moxalactam) has the same sidechain and should also be avoided. This side chain may also inhibit the body's vitamin K system independently of alcohol.[30][31] PW
    • Acetaldehyde is not only acutely toxic, but also carcinogenic in humans. Alcoholics with a genetic ALDH2 deficiency have higher chances of upper digestive tract cancer.[32] PW
  • Unsafe Hepatotoxic drugs - Some hepatotoxic drugs, specifically ketoconazole, griseofulvin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, cause additive hepatotoxicity when consumed with alcohol. Avoid this combination to reduce liver damage.[30] PW
  • Uncertain Cannabis - In combination with cannabis, ethanol increases plasma tetrahydrocannabinol levels, which suggests that ethanol may increase the absorption of tetrahydrocannabinol. It is recommended that users who wish to combine these two substances start by consuming cannabis first as this reduces the chances of experiencing nausea, dizziness and double vision.[33] PW
  • Alcohol reduces the efficacy of some antibiotics. Chronic alcoholics break down doxycycline much faster, requiring increased dosing frequency. Alcohol delays the absorption of erythromycin, reducing its AUC. Avoid taking alcohol with these drugs to maintain their efficacy.[30] PW⚠ PsychonautWiki lists this combination without a danger rating.

Other documented combinations

  • Dangerous Benzodiazepines - Ethanol ingestion may potentiate the CNS effects of many benzodiazepines. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Blacking out and memory loss is almost certain. PW
  • Dangerous DXM - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Additionally, CNS depression can lead to difficulty breathing. Avoid on anything higher than 1st plateau. PW
  • Dangerous GHB/GBL - Even in very low doses this combination rapidly leads to memory loss, severe ataxia and unconsciousness. There is a high risk of vomit aspiration while unconscious. PW
  • Dangerous Ketamine - Both substances cause ataxia and bring a very high risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position. PW
  • Dangerous MXE - There is a high risk of memory loss, vomiting and severe ataxia from this combination. PW
  • Dangerous Opioids - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely PW
  • Dangerous Tramadol - Heavy CNS depressants, risk of seizures. Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
  • Unsafe Cocaine - Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk. If you do decide to do this then you should set a limit of how much you will drink each hour and stick to it, bearing in mind that you will feel the alcohol less. Cocaine is potentiated somewhat by alcohol because of the formation of cocaethylene. PW
  • Unsafe MAOIs - Tyramine found in many alcoholic beverages can have dangerous reactions with MAOIs, causing an increase in blood pressure. PW
  • Unsafe PCP - Details of this combination are not well understood but PCP generally interacts in an unpredictable manner. PW
  • Uncertain Amphetamines - Drinking on stimulants is risky because the sedative effects of the alcohol are reduced, and these are what the body uses to gauge drunkenness. This typically leads to excessive drinking with greatly reduced inhibitions, high risk of liver damage and increased dehydration. They will also allow you to drink past a point where you might normally pass out, increasing the risk. If you do decide to do this then you should set a limit of how much you will drink each hour and stick to it, bearing in mind that you will feel the alcohol and the stimulant less. Extended release formulations may severely impede sleep, further worsening the hangover. PW
  • Uncertain AMT - aMT has a broad mechanism of action in the brain and so does alcohol so the combination can be unpredictable PW
  • Uncertain MDMA - Both MDMA and alcohol cause dehydration. Approach this combination with caution, moderation and sufficient hydration. More than a small amount of alcohol will dull the euphoria of MDMA PW
  • Uncertain Nitrous - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
  • Uncertain SSRIs - Alcohol may potentiate some of the pharmacologic effects of CNS-active agents. Use in combination may result in additive central nervous system depression and/or impairment of judgment, thinking, and psychomotor skills."] PW

PsychonautWiki also lists dangerous combinations shared across a whole group (depressants) in a table this page does not copy. Read that list on PsychonautWiki.

TripSit combination chart

TripSit rates each pairing. Only pairings with a number carry a citation from TripSit. See the whole chart, with TripSit's note for every pairing.

Dangerous

benzodiazepines TSdextromethorphan TSghb/gbl TSketamine TSmxe TSopioids TStramadol TS

Unsafe

cocaine[34–37] TSmaois TSpcp TS

Caution

amphetamines TSamt TSmdma[38–41] TSnitrous TSssris TS

Low Risk & Synergy

cannabis TS

Low Risk & No Synergy

caffeine TS

Low Risk & Decrease

2c-t-x TS2c-x TS5-meo-xxt TSdmt TSdox TSlsd TSmescaline TSmushrooms TSnbomes TS

Risks and toxicity

The sensible use of alcohol in the short term is extremely unlikely to have any positive or detrimental effects on one's physical health. However, despite the widespread use and alcohol's legality in most countries, many medical sources tend to describe any level of alcohol intoxication as a form of poisoning due to ethanol's damaging effects on the body in large doses. PW

The long-term effects of alcohol consumption range from cardioprotective health benefits for low to moderate alcohol consumption in industrialized societies with higher rates of cardiovascular disease to severe detrimental effects in cases of chronic alcohol abuse.[42][43][44] PW

High levels of alcohol consumption are associated with an increased risk of alcoholism, malnutrition, chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. In addition, damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from chronic alcohol abuse. The long-term use of alcohol is capable of damaging nearly every organ and system in the body. The developing adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. In addition, the developing fetal brain is also vulnerable, and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) may result if pregnant mothers consume alcohol.[45–48] PW

Alcoholic drinks are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). IARC classifies alcoholic drink consumption as a cause of cancer for female breast, colorectum, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx; and as a probable cause of pancreatic cancer. Alcohol in soft drinks is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks.[49][50] PW

Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages

According to The World Health Organization, The World Heart Federation and Nordic Nutrition there is no safe amount that does not affect health.[14][51][52][53] PW

According to the WHO nearly half of all alcohol-attributable cancers in the WHO European Region are linked to alcohol consumption, even from "light" or "moderate" drinking – "less than 1.5 litres of wine or less than 3.5 litres of beer or less than 450 millilitres of spirits per week".[14] PW

Short-term effects

Wine, beer, distilled spirits, and other alcoholic drinks contain ethyl alcohol and alcohol consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the wine, beer or spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. PW

Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, an alcohol flush reaction (red appearance in the face) and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious) and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving. PW

Ethanol is often used to facilitate sexual assault or rape. It is the most commonly used date rape drug.[54][55][56] PW

Rehydration therapy before going to bed or during hangover may relieve dehydration-associated symptoms such as thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, and headache.[57–62] PW

Lethal dosage

Death from ethanol consumption is possible when blood alcohol levels reach 0.4%. A blood level of 0.5% or more is commonly fatal. Levels of even less than 0.1% can cause intoxication with unconsciousness often occurring at 0.3–0.4%.[63] PW

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. PW

Long-term effects

The main active ingredient of wine, beer and distilled spirits is alcohol. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men per day) is debated to decreased the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and early death. Drinking more than this amount, however, increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year. Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.[64–67] PW

Most people are under the influence of sedative-hypnotic drugs (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) when they die by suicide, with alcoholism present in between 15% and 61% of cases. Countries that have higher rates of alcohol use and a greater density of bars generally also have higher rates of suicide. About 2.2–3.4% of those who have been treated for alcoholism at some point in their life die by suicide. Alcoholics who attempt suicide are usually male, older, and have tried to take their own lives in the past. In adolescents who misuse alcohol, neurological and psychological dysfunctions may contribute to the increased risk of suicide.[68–71] PW

Another long-term effect of alcohol usage, when also used with tobacco products, is alcohol acting as a solvent, which allows harmful chemicals in tobacco to get inside the cells that line the digestive tract. Alcohol slows these cells' healing ability to repair the damage to their DNA caused by the harmful chemicals in tobacco. Alcohol contributes to cancer through this process.[72] PW

While lower quality evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism. The American Heart Association "cautions people NOT to start drinking... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."[73][74] PW

Tolerance and addiction potential

The chronic use of this compound can be considered extremely addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. PW

Alcohol tolerance

Tolerance to many of the effects of alcohol develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Alcohol presents cross-tolerance with all GABAgenic depressants, meaning that after the consumption of alcohol all depressants will have a reduced effect. PW

Alcoholism

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems. It was previously divided into two types: alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. In a medical context, alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present: a person drinks large amounts over a long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal occurs when stopping, and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use. Risky situations include driving under the influence|drinking and driving or having unsafe sex among others. Alcohol use can affect all parts of the body but particularly affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, and immune system. This can result in mental illness, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, an arrhythmia|irregular heart beat, cirrhosis|liver failure, and an increase in the risk of cancer, among other diseases. Drinking during pregnancy can cause damage to the baby resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Generally women are more sensitive to alcohol's harmful physical and mental effects than men.[75–81] PW

Heavy alcohol use is defined differently by various health organizations. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provides gender-specific guidelines for heavy drinking. According to NIAAA, men who consume five or more US standard drinks in a single day or 15 or more drinks within a week are considered heavy drinkers. For women, the threshold is lower, with four or more drinks in a day or eight or more drinks per week classified as heavy drinking. In contrast, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) takes a different approach to defining heavy alcohol use. SAMHSA considers heavy alcohol use to be engaging in binge drinking behaviors on five or more days within a month. This definition focuses more on the frequency of excessive drinking episodes rather than specific drink counts.[82] PW

Chronic excess alcohol intake can lead to a wide range of neuropsychiatric or neurological impairment, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and malignant neoplasms. The psychiatric disorders which are associated with alcoholism include major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, suicide, neurologic deficits (e.g., impairments of working memory, emotions, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, gait, and balance) and brain damage. Alcohol dependence is associated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and also cancers of the respiratory system, the digestive system, liver, breast, and ovaries. Heavy drinking is associated with liver disease, such as cirrhosis.[83] PW

Withdrawals

When physical dependence has developed, withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. The severity of withdrawal can vary from mild symptoms such as sleep disturbances and anxiety to severe and life-threatening symptoms such as delirium, hallucinations, and autonomic instability. PW

Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after the last drink. To be classified as alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must exhibit at least two of the following symptoms: increased hand tremors, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations (auditory, visual or tactile), psychomotor agitation, anxiety, tonic-clonic seizures, and autonomic instability.[84][85][86] PW

The severity of symptoms is dictated by a number of factors, the most important of which is a degree of alcohol intake, length of time the individual has been using alcohol, and previous history of alcohol withdrawal. Symptoms are also grouped together and classified:[86] PW

  • Alcohol hallucinosis: Patients have transient visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations but are otherwise clear.[86] PW
  • Withdrawal seizures: Seizures occur within 48 hours of alcohol cessation and occur either as a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure or as a brief episode of multiple seizures.[87] PW
  • Delirium tremens: Hyperadrenergic state, disorientation, tremors, diaphoresis, impaired attention/consciousness, and visual and auditory hallucinations usually occur 24 to 72 hours after alcohol cessation. Delirium tremens is the most severe form of withdrawal and occurs in 5 to 20% of patients experiencing detoxification and 1/3 of patients experiencing withdrawal seizures.[86][87] PW

Withdrawal symptoms and management

Signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal occur primarily in the central nervous system. The severity of withdrawal can vary from mild symptoms such as sleep disturbances and anxiety to severe and life-threatening symptoms such as delirium, hallucinations, and autonomic instability. PW

Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after the last drink. It can last for up to one week. To be classified as alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must exhibit at least two of the following symptoms: increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations (auditory, visual or tactile), psychomotor agitation, anxiety, tonic-clonic seizures, and autonomic instability.[84][85][86] PW

The severity of symptoms is dictated by a number of factors, the most important of which is degree of alcohol intake, length of time the individual has been using alcohol, and the previous history of alcohol withdrawal. Symptoms are also grouped together and classified:[86] PW

  • Alcohol hallucinosis: patients have transient visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations, but are otherwise clear.[86] PW
  • Withdrawal seizures: seizures occur within 48 hours of alcohol cessations and occur either as a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure or as a brief episode of multiple seizures.[87] PW
  • Delirium tremens: hyperadrenergic state, disorientation, tremors, diaphoresis, impaired attention/consciousness, and visual and auditory hallucinations. This usually occurs 24 to 72 hours after alcohol cessation. Delirium tremens is the most severe form of withdrawal and occurs in 5 to 20% of patients experiencing detoxification and 1/3 of patients experiencing withdrawal seizures.[86][87] PW

Benzodiazepines are effective for the management of symptoms as well as the prevention of seizures. In those with severe symptoms inpatient care is often required. In those with lesser symptoms treatment at home may be possible with daily visits with a health care provider.[84][88] PW

Patients in alcohol withdrawal are typically also given thiamine and folic acid. These vitamins are not treatments for withdrawal per se. Instead, long-term consumption of alcohol tends to deplete these nutrients and lead to additional neurological issues such as Wernicke encephalopathy.[84] PW

Anti-addictive drugs

  • Disulfiram-like drugs: disulfiram, calcium carbimide, cyanamide; see Wikipedia page for a somewhat complete list. This class of drugs enhance subjective unpleasantness of alcohol by inhibiting ALDH2, causing accumulation of acetaldehyde. This same mechanism also enhances the physical harm of alcohol. PW
  • Ibogaine - Rezvani reported reduced alcohol dependence in three strains of "alcohol preferring" rats in 1995.[89] PW
  • Naltrexone - Naltrexone has been best studied as a treatment for alcoholism. Naltrexone has been shown to decrease the amount and frequency of drinking. It does not appear to change the percentage of people drinking. Its overall benefit has been described as "modest".The Sinclair method is a method of using opiate antagonists such as naltrexone to treat alcoholism. The person takes the medication about an hour (and only then) before drinking to avoid side effects that arise from chronic use. The opioid antagonist blocks the positive-reinforcement effects of alcohol and allows the person to stop or reduce drinking. PW

Dangerous interactions

Ethanol can intensify the sedation caused by other central nervous system depressant drugs such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioids, nonbenzodiazepines/Z-drugs (such as zolpidem and zopiclone), antipsychotics, sedative antihistamines, and certain antidepressants. It interacts with cocaine in vivo to produce cocaethylene, another psychoactive substance. Ethanol enhances the bioavailability of methylphenidate (elevated plasma dexmethylphenidate).[63][90] PW

Non-psychoactive medicine interactions: PW

Disease interactions

Alcohol is contraindicated in people with hepatic disease, gastrointestinal ulcer, cardiac or skeletal myopathy, pregnancy, and individuals previously addicted to ethanol.[91] PW

Gastrointestinal diseases

Alcohol stimulates gastric juice production, even when food is not present, and as a result, its consumption will stimulate acidic secretions normally intended to digest protein molecules. Consequently, excess acidity may harm the inner lining of the stomach. The stomach lining is normally protected by a mucosal layer which prevents the stomach from essentially digesting itself. However, in patients who have peptic ulcer disease (PUD), this mucosal layer is broken down. PUD is commonly associated with the bacteria H. pylori. H. pylori secrete a toxin that weakens the mucosal wall, which as a result leads to acid and protein enzymes penetrating the weakened barrier. Because alcohol stimulates the stomach to secrete acid, a person with PUD should avoid drinking alcohol on an empty stomach. Drinking alcohol would cause more acid release which would further damage the already-weakened stomach wall. Complications of this disease could include burning pain in the abdomen, bloating and in severe cases, the presence of dark black stools indicate internal bleeding. A person who drinks alcohol regularly is strongly advised to reduce their intake to prevent PUD aggravation.[92][93] PW

Allergic-like reactions

Ethanol-containing beverages can cause skin problems and bronchoconstriction in patients with a history of asthma. These reactions occur within 1–60 minutes of ethanol ingestion. A deficiency of ALDH2 increase the likelihood of such events.[94][95] PW

ALDH2 deficiency

About 50% of East Asians have a genetic deficiency of the ALDH2 enzyme, causing the accumulation of toxic acetaldehyde even without the ingestion of disulfiram-like drugs. The symptoms are similar: vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. There's also increased flushing, the so-called "Asian flush".[94][95] PW

Testing

Detection
12 hrs blood, 6-12 hrs saliva, 6-24 hrs urine TS
Awaiting sourceReagent reactions and test kit guidance from a harm reduction testing service.

Effects

relaxationmood lifthappinesssociabilitylowered inhibitionsanalgesiaslurred speechflushed skindrowsinesstoleranceeuphoriaamnesia TS

Overview

Ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol, ethyl hydroxide, drinking alcohol or simply alcohol) is a depressant substance of the alcohol class. It is the primary psychoactive component of alcoholic drinks, liquors and spirits; making it the second-most widely used recreational substance globally (after caffeine). The alcoholic beverage known as beer is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water and tea. Ethanol principally acts by binding to GABA receptors in parts of the brain, but is also known to exhibit “promiscuous” pharmacological activity due to its activation of and/or interaction with various neurotransmitters and receptor sites. PW

Alcohol is a CNS depressant that acts through the GABAₐ receptor, and is one of the most common strong psychoactives used by humans. It has a long history of use and its intoxicating effects are well-studied and documented. It remains legal in most parts of the world.[1][2] TS

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain, which causes the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness"). Among other effects, alcohol produces euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, and impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function.[3–8] WP⚠ The source has a footnote here that is not shown.

Alcohol has a variety of adverse effects. Short-term adverse effects include generalized impairment of neurocognitive function, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and symptoms of hangover. Alcohol is addictive and can result in alcohol use disorder, dependence, and withdrawal upon cessation. The long-term effects of alcohol are considered to be a major global public health issue and include liver disease, hepatitis, cardiovascular disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy), polyneuropathy, alcoholic hallucinosis, long-term impact on the brain (e.g., brain damage, dementia, and Marchiafava–Bignami disease), and cancers; alcohol and some of its metabolites (such as acetaldehyde) are IARC group 1 carcinogens. The adverse effects of alcohol on health are most significant when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. However, in 2023, the World Health Organization published a statement in The Lancet Public Health that concluded, "no safe amount of alcohol consumption for cancers and health can be established". In high amounts, alcohol may cause loss of consciousness or, in severe cases, death. Many governmental agencies and organizations issue alcohol consumption recommendations.[9–15] WP

Alcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects since at least 13,000 years ago, when the earliest known beer was brewed by the Natufian culture in the Middle East. Alcohol is the second-most consumed psychoactive drug globally, behind caffeine, with global sales of alcoholic beverages exceeding US$1.5 trillion in 2017. Drinking alcohol is generally socially acceptable and is legal in most countries, unlike with many other recreational substances. However, there are often restrictions on alcohol sale and use, for instance a minimum age for drinking and laws against public drinking and drinking and driving. Alcohol has considerable societal and cultural significance and has important social roles in much of the world. Drinking establishments, such as bars and nightclubs, revolve primarily around the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and parties, festivals, and social gatherings commonly involve alcohol consumption. Alcohol is related to various societal problems, including drunk driving, accidental injuries, sexual assaults, domestic abuse, and violent crime. Alcohol remains illegal for sale and consumption in a number of countries, mainly in the Middle East. While some religions, including Islam, prohibit alcohol consumption, other religions, such as Christianity and Shinto, utilize alcohol in sacrament and libation.[16–26] WP

History

History

Alcohol is one of the oldest recreational drugs. The word "Alcohol" originates from the Arabic word al-kuhul, which refers to a fine metallic powder that was used to paint the eyelids darker. Alcoholic beverages have been produced since the Neolithic period, as early as 7000 BC in China. Alcohol was brewed as early as 7,000 to 6,650 BCE in northern China. The earliest evidence of winemaking was dated at 6,000 to 5,800 BCE in Georgia in the South Caucasus. Beer was likely brewed from barley as early as 13,000 years ago in the Middle East. Pliny the Elder wrote about the golden age of winemaking in Rome, the 2nd century BCE (200–100 BCE), when vineyards were planted.[16][96–100] WP

Early modern period

The Gin Craze was a period in the first half of the 18th century when the consumption of gin increased rapidly in Great Britain, especially in London. By 1743, The average English person was drinking 2.2 gallons (10 litres) of gin per year. The Sale of Spirits Act 1750 (commonly known as the Gin Act 1751) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (24 Geo. 2. c. 40) which was enacted to reduce the consumption of gin and other distilled spirits, a popular pastime that was regarded as one of the primary causes of crime in London.[101][102] WP

Modern period

The rum ration (also called the tot) was a daily amount of rum given to sailors on Royal Navy ships. It started 1866 and was abolished in 1970 after concerns that the intake of strong alcohol would lead to unsteady hands when working machinery. WP

The Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate is the dispute, originally conducted among the general public, and now typically a question for historians, about whether or not Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States (1865–1869), drank to excess. WP

The prohibition in the United States era was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the United States prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The nationwide ban on alcoholic beverages, was repealed by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on 5 December 1933. WP

The Bratt System was a system that was used in Sweden (1919–1955) and similarly in Finland (1944–1970) to control alcohol consumption, by rationing of liquor. Every citizen allowed to consume alcohol was given a booklet called a motbok (viinakortti in Finland), in which a stamp was added each time a purchase was made at Systembolaget (in Sweden) and Alko (in Finland). A similar system also existed in Estonia between 1 July 1920, to 31 December 1925. The stamps were based on the amount of alcohol bought. When a certain amount of alcohol had been bought, the owner of the booklet had to wait until next month to buy more.[103][104] WP

The Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 was a law passed by Congress in response to the abuse of medicinal liquor prescriptions during Prohibition. WP

Gilbert Paul Jordan (aka The Boozing Barber) was a Canadian serial killer who is believed to have committed the so-called "alcohol murders" between 1965–c. 2004 in Vancouver, British Columbia. WP

Pharmacology

Pharmacology

Alcohol works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; by facilitating GABA's actions in the GABAA receptor, alcohol suppresses the activity of the central nervous system. Alcohol also directly affects a number of other neurotransmitter systems including those of glutamate, glycine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. The pleasurable effects of alcohol ingestion are the result of increased levels of dopamine and endogenous opioids in the reward pathways of the brain.[119–123] WP

After oral ingestion, ethanol is absorbed via the stomach and intestines into the bloodstream. Ethanol is highly water-soluble and diffuses passively throughout the entire body, including the brain. Soon after ingestion, it begins to be metabolized, 90% or more by the liver. One standard drink is sufficient to almost completely saturate the liver's capacity to metabolize alcohol. The main metabolite is acetaldehyde, a toxic carcinogen. Acetaldehyde is then further metabolized into ionic acetate by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Acetate is not carcinogenic and has low toxicity, but has been implicated in causing hangovers. Acetate is further broken down into carbon dioxide and water and eventually eliminated from the body through urine and breath. 5 to 10% of ethanol is excreted unchanged in the breath, urine, and sweat.[124][125][126] WP⚠ Wikipedia itself has flagged this text: citation needed.

Chemistry

Formula
C2H6O PC
CAS number
64-17-5 PC
Molar mass (g/mol)
46.07 PC
IUPAC name (computed by PubChem)
ethanol PC
SMILES
CCO PC
InChIKey
LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N PC
PubChem CID
702

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References

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