Nitrous
Also called Nitrous Oxide, Laughing Gas, Hippy Crack, NOS, Nitro, N2O, Nangs
Dosage
Inhaled
| Source | Threshold | Light | Common | Strong | Heavy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PsychonautWiki | 4 g PW | 4–8 g (1/2–1 cartridges) PW | 8–16 g (1–2 cartridges) PW | 16–40 g (2–5 cartridges) PW | 40 g+ (>5 cartridges) PW |
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Duration
| Route · source | Onset | Come-up | Peak | Offset | Total | After-effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhaled · PsychonautWiki | 5–10 seconds PW | 5–10 seconds PW | 15–30 seconds PW | 1–5 minutes PW | 1–5 minutes PW | 15–30 minutes PW |
TripSit factsheet
Mixing
Acute combinations: what happens when these are taken close together. Entries backed by a medical journal or agency are listed first.
Backed by medical journals
Other documented combinations
- Uncertain Alcohol - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
- Uncertain GHB - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
- Uncertain GBL - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
- Uncertain Opioids - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
- Uncertain Tramadol - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely. PW
TripSit combination chart
TripSit rates each pairing. Only pairings with a number carry a citation from TripSit. See the whole chart, with TripSit's note for every pairing.
Low Risk & Synergy
Low Risk & Decrease
Risks and toxicity
The exact toxic dosage is unknown. Potential problems include: PW
- Nitrous temporarily inhibits methionine synthase, a B12-dependant enzyme responsible for many important functions in the body. Heavy and frequent long-term use can deplete vitamin B12 in the body and lead to serious and unpleasant neurological problems. Users may experience numbness and tingling in the fingers, toes, lips, et al. In more severe cases, there will be numbness of all extremities. Taking B12 supplements, especially in combination with a multivitamin and complete amino acid supplements, may help alleviate this problem. If one experiences these symptoms, nitrous use should be ceased immediately, and if the symptoms persist, medical attention should be sought after.[20]
[21] PW - Nitric oxide, a toxic industrial gas, is occasionally mistaken for nitrous oxide. Users should be careful they know what they are inhaling. Inhaling Nitric Oxide can permanently damage the lungs or kill. PW
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. PW
Risks of whipped-cream chargers compared to medical nitrous oxide
Medical nitrous oxide has been safely used as a mild anesthetic for over 150 years. PW
- Vapor pressure PW
- Whipped-cream chargers: Very cold temperatures of the gas can freeze the lips and throat if taken directly from a tank or whippet. Releasing the gas into a balloon first allows the gas to warm before being administered. PW
- Medical nitrous oxide is released slowly. PW
- Hypoxia (abnormally low level of oxygen in the tissues), particularly the entity 'diffusion hypoxia'.[22] PW
- Whipped-cream chargers contains no oxygen. Oxygen deprivation that can cause brain injury and suffocation can result from lack of oxygen from pure nitrous oxide continuously inhaled from strap-on mask connected to a gas canister. Never use nitrous in any manner that does not provide for adequate oxygen intake. Suffocation can occur without discomfort.[23] PW
- Medical grade nitrous oxide contains 50% nitrous oxide, and 50% oxygen. When used as an anesthetic, nitrous is always administered in combination with oxygen. PW
- Purity PW
- Whipped-cream chargers contains food grade. Thus, they can contain a range of impurities, such as industrial grease left over from manufacturing, and tiny particles of steel from the pierced metal. Users can filter them through a piece of cotton, cloth, or clothing to reduce the amount of impurities inhaled. Regular cleaning of nitrous dispensing devices can also reduce the harm posed by impurities.[24]
[25] PW - Medical grade nitrous oxide: Contains medical grade nitrous oxide. PW
Risk with whipping dispensers
Direct inhalation PW
Whipping dispensers is more convenient to fill balloons with than crackers. Direct inhalation of butane can cause frostbite like effects that pose a serious risk of personal injury. PW
Dangers from plastic whip cream dispensers PW
It is advised to check that all parts of a whipping dispenser are made of metal, because dispensers made of plastic have exploded and damaged, and albeit extremely rare, even killed people: PW
- In June 2017, Rebecca Burger, 33, a fitness blogger and model, died after a whipped-cream charger exploded and struck her in the chest. PW
- In August 2017, another woman got wounded from a whipping dispenser.[26] PW
Risks with nitrous charger crackers
A nitrous charger cracker repeatedly used to decompress cartridges without an outer layer of silicone can cause frostbite. PW
Dependence and abuse potential
As with other dissociatives, the chronic use of nitrous oxide can be considered mildly addictive with a moderate potential for abuse. PW
Tolerance to many of the effects of nitrous oxide develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Nitrous oxide does not produce cross-tolerance with other dissocatives, meaning that after the use of nitrous oxide other dissociatives will not have a reduced effect. PW
Testing
Effects
gigglingmood lifteuphoriasound distortiondream like stateminor to strong hallucinationsreduction of external stimulianalgesiabuzzing sensation in nerveclumsinessnauseaheadachesnumbness in extremities TS
Overview
Nitrous oxide (also known as laughing gas, nitrous, NOS, and informally as hippy-crack). Whipped cream chargers/cartridges are called whippits (also spelled “whippits”), nangs, or bulbs.[1] PW
Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, often inhaled through balloons filled with canisters of the gas.. A short-acting dissociative inhalant with strong visual, mental and auditory effects. Extremely popular especially in combination with other drugs.[2]
Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, among others, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N₂O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and flavour. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.[5] WP
Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects, and it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by Humphry Davy, describes the euphoric effects upon inhaling it, which make it attractive as a recreational drug inducing a brief "high". It is known for its disassociative effects. When abused chronically, it may cause neurological damage through inactivation of vitamin B₁₂. It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants and motor racing fuels, and as a frothing gas for whipped cream.[6–9] WP
Nitrous oxide is also an atmospheric pollutant, with a concentration of 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at 1 ppb annually. It is a major scavenger of stratospheric ozone, with an impact comparable to that of CFCs. About 40% of human-caused emissions are from agriculture, as nitrogen fertilisers are digested into nitrous oxide by soil micro-organisms. As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide substantially contributes to global warming. Reduction of emissions is an important goal in the politics of climate change.[10–18] WP
History
Legal status
- Germany: Nitrous oxide is not a controlled substance under the BtMG (Narcotics Act) or the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act). It is legal, as long as it is not sold for human consumption, according to §2 AMG. If it is intended for medical use, it is classified as a prescription medicine.[27–30] PW
- India: Nitrous oxide is available for general anesthesia purposes. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) permit the transfer of gas from one cylinder to another for breathing purposes. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Netherlands: Since 1 January 2023, the possession, importing, and sale of nitrous oxide is banned in the Netherlands, with exceptions for medical use, and the food industry. It is illegal under the Opium Act.[31]
[32] PW - New Zealand: Nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription is an offense under the Medicines Act. PW⚠ PsychonautWiki itself has flagged this text: citation needed.
- Sweden: From July 1, 2025, Sweden will restrict nitrous oxide sales with an 18-gram (two whipped-cream chargers) limit per purchase, an 18-year age minimum, and tighter controls on import and marketing. Violations may lead to fines or up to six months in prison.[33] PW
- United Kingdom: Nitrous Oxide is a class C drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act as of 8th November 2023. It is still permitted for use within the medical and food industries.[34] PW
- United States: Possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to DEA purview. It is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act. Prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption. Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without a special license. For example, in the state of California possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanor.[35]
[36] PW
Legality
In India transfer of nitrous oxide from bulk cylinders to smaller, more transportable E-type, 1,590-litre-capacity tanks is legal when intended for medical anaesthesia.[37] WP
The New Zealand Ministry of Health has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine whose sale or possession without a prescription is an offense under the Medicines Act. This would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of nitrous oxide, although it is implied that only recreational use will be targeted.[38] WP
In August 2015, the Council of the London Borough of Lambeth (UK) banned the use of the drug for recreational purposes, making offenders liable to an on-the-spot fine of up to £1,000. In September 2023, the UK Government announced that nitrous oxide would be made illegal by the end of the year as a class C drug, with possession potentially carrying up to a two-year prison sentence or an unlimited fine.[39]
Possession of nitrous oxide is legal under United States federal law and is not subject to DEA purview. It is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act; prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption without a proper medical license. Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount that may be sold without special license. For example, in California, possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanor.[35]
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
The pharmacological mechanism of action of inhaled N₂O is not fully known. However, it has been shown to directly modulate a broad range of ligand-gated ion channels, which likely plays a major role. It moderately blocks NMDAR and β₂-subunit-containing nACh channels, weakly inhibits AMPA, kainate, GABAA-ρ and 5-HT₃ receptors, and slightly potentiates GABAA and glycine receptors. It also has been shown to activate two-pore-domain K+ channels. While N₂O affects several ion channels, its anaesthetic, hallucinogenic and euphoriant effects are likely caused mainly via inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents. In addition to its effects on ion channels, N₂O may act similarly to nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous system. Nitrous oxide is 30 to 40 times more soluble than nitrogen.[42–45] WP
The effects of inhaling sub-anaesthetic doses of nitrous oxide may vary unpredictably with settings and individual differences; however, Jay (2008) suggests that it reliably induces the following states and sensations:[46]
- Intoxication[46]
[47] [48] WP - Euphoria/dysphoria[46]
[47] [48] WP - Spatial disorientation[46]
[47] [48] WP - Temporal disorientation[46]
[47] [48] WP - Reduced pain sensitivity[46]
[47] [48] WP
A minority of users also experience uncontrolled vocalisations and muscular spasms. These effects generally disappear minutes after removal of the nitrous oxide source.[48] WP
Anxiolytic effect
In behavioural tests of anxiety, a low dose of N₂O is an effective anxiolytic. This anti-anxiety effect is associated with enhanced activity of GABAA receptors, as it is partially reversed by benzodiazepine site antagonists. Mirroring this, animals that have developed tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are partially tolerant to N₂O. In humans given 30% N₂O, benzodiazepine receptor antagonists reduced the subjective reports of feeling "high", but did not alter psychomotor performance.[49]
Analgesic effect
The analgesic effects of N₂O are linked to the interaction between the endogenous opioid system and the descending noradrenergic system. When animals are given morphine chronically, they develop tolerance to its pain-killing effects, and this also renders the animals tolerant to the analgesic effects of N₂O. Administration of antibodies that bind and block the activity of some endogenous opioids (not β-endorphin) also block the antinociceptive effects of N₂O. Drugs that inhibit the breakdown of endogenous opioids also potentiate the antinociceptive effects of N₂O. Several experiments have shown that opioid receptor antagonists applied directly to the brain block the antinociceptive effects of N₂O, but these drugs have no effect when injected into the spinal cord.[52]
Apart from an indirect action, nitrous oxide, like morphine also interacts directly with the endogenous opioid system by binding at opioid receptor binding sites.[54]
Conversely, α₂-adrenoceptor antagonists block the pain-reducing effects of N₂O when given directly to the spinal cord, but not when applied directly to the brain. α2B-adrenoceptor knockout mice or animals depleted in norepinephrine are nearly completely resistant to the antinociceptive effects of N₂O. Apparently N₂O-induced release of endogenous opioids causes disinhibition of brainstem noradrenergic neurons, which release norepinephrine into the spinal cord and inhibit pain signalling. Exactly how N₂O causes the release of endogenous opioid peptides remains uncertain.[57]
Chemistry
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References
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- Journal / agency Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats
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- Journal / agency Neurologic degeneration associated with nitrous oxide anesthesia in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency
- Journal / agency Nitrous oxide. 14 September 2024
- Journal / agency Quax, Marcel Libertus Johannes; Van Der Steenhoven, Timothy Jason; Antonius Bronkhorst, Martinus Wilhelmus Gerardus; Emmink, Benjamin Lucas. Frostbite injury: an unknown risk when using nitrous oxide as a party drug. Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 4 March 2022. doi:10.1080/00015458.2020.1782160 · PMID 32543291
- Other Organization, World Health. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. 2019
- Harm reduction site Turner, Sally. Nitrous-Oxide: What is it good for?. 2024-08-30
- Journal / agency Stockton, Lindsey; Simonsen, Cameron; Seago, Susan. Nitrous Oxide-Induced Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. April 2017. doi:10.1080/08998280.2017.11929571 · PMID 28405070 · PMC5349816
- Other Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Mole Fraction
- Other Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide
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- Other BtMG
- Other NpSG
- Other § 2 AMG - Einzelnorm
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Text and values on this page are quoted from PsychonautWiki (CC BY-SA 4.0), Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0), TripSit factsheets, PubChem (public domain). Each value links to the exact revision it came from.